This paper uses panel cointegration and error correction models to unveil the direction of long-run causality between … the real product wage and labor productivity at the industry level. I use two datasets of manufacturing industries: the EU … consistent with distributive theories whereby real wages keep apace of labor productivity growth, giving rise to long …

productivity. In these regressions we included some standard control variables such as wage efficiency, educational level, and … vehicles, and non-electrical machinery have become more efficient in terms of OIs and TIs and thus improved productivity … factors on productivity. Thus, overall SMEs as well as large firms behave similarly in terms of the established relationships …

Based on the expectation that the intensified use of robots contributes to the growth of labour productivity, this …-ICT capital input contribute significantly to labour productivity growth in the period from 1995 to 2015. The results remain …, the model is used to assess the impact of an increase of robots use on the labour productivity in each of the 9 …