This paper uses panel cointegration and error correction models to unveil the direction of long-run causality between …, as well as evidence of two-way, long-run Granger causality. These findings are consistent with theories of directed …

simultaneously catering for causality issues. Findings The results show that technological progress has had a positive and … technological progress as per the study. Hence, there is reverse causation or bi-directional causality between trade and …