This paper argues that firms use 'IP-for-IP' policies such as cross-licensing to strategically restrict transactions in … the market for technology. The commitment to limit trade to reciprocal exchange (barter instead of cash transactions …

require the licensing of existing technology with multiple patent holders. Pooling can reduce these costs and thus facilitate …A patent "pool" is an arrangement under which patent holders in a common technology commit their patents to a single … earned as a licensor, and technology acquired by pool members as licensees. Public effects can also be significant. For …