When innovation is cumulative, patent protection on early inventions can generate holdup problems if later complementary patents are owned by different firms. Consistent with the property rights literature, we show that shareholder ownership overlap across firms with patent complementarities...

This paper examines intentional herding among institutional investors with a particular focus on the technology sector that was the driver of the “New Economy” in the United States during the dot-com bubble of the 1990s. Using data on technology stockholdings of 115 large institutional...

"Organizational and regulatory norms have long compelled investors to rely on others to innovate for them, which has diluted the quality of innovations as well as the power investors wield relative to the intermediaries. As machine intelligence advances, both in accessibility and sophistication,...