This paper is a review of efforts to summarise long-term technological development in the management literature in terms of ‘paths’ or trajectories. They are most useful as a way of understanding the general search for economies of scale, but the management value of such ideas is compromised...

This paper takes a simple definition of competition as a threat to established revenues. It then develops this idea as it applies to technological change through a series of illustrative examples. "Technological competition" occurs only when one technology substitutes for another, for a given...

This paper is a review of the role of innovation as substitution threat. The interesting strategy for those facing what in retrospect proves to be full substitution is the strategy of ‘switch’ to the substituting technology. The context-dependent uncertainty involved in the switch decision...