science (especially natural sciences) and engineering. The rising number of female scientists has led to the question of …

between university scientists and industry personnel. Moreover, most studies are limited to the United States, where the Bay … 800 university scientists, our results show similar relationships for the United States and Germany. Faculty quality which …

We estimate the relative contribution of mobile scientists who leave academia for the private sector on the subsequent … Office. We compare the efficacy of mobile former university scientists to the effects of mobile workers hired from other … scientists contribute substantially more to innovation than R&D workers hired from other firms who, in turn, contribute slightly …