As governments continue to privatize infrastructure services like electricity or gas the importance of private infrastructure providers increases. After some years these providers are often confronted with stricter state regulation that impacts their freedom of action and reduces their...

Network services can be provided efficiently in competitive markets, if nondiscriminatory access to the complementary infrastructure capacities is guaranteed. The sector-symmetric application of the disaggregated regulatory approach to railways and telecommunications reveals the different role...

The liberalisation and privatisation of network utilities lead to the establishment of regulatory regimes. On the national level, regulatory regimes not only include a highly visible single regulatory body, they also combine three institutions: a sector-specific regulatory agency, a ministry and...