Utility subsidies are often defended as promoting universal service. However, specific support formulas may be poorly targeted and/or designed. The U.S. high cost loop support (HCLS) program (formerly referred to as the Universal Service Fund (USF)), has been a key component of the FCC's USF...

The role of the state changed in Latin American and Caribbean countries between 1985 and 1995 as eight regulatory commissions were created (for the nineteen countries in our regional sample). This institutional innovation was part of the liberalization process that has permeated the hemisphere....

The structure, conduct, and performance of Chinese telecommunications are analyzed to determine whether reform has achieved specified policy objectives. Performance to date suggests that a more comprehensive reform is needed. However, the fragmented policy environment of the Chinese...