the same time, we model an incumbent's decision problem under a threat of regulation in a game-theoretical context. The … decision whether to invest or not depends on the probability of regulation and its assumed impact on investment returns … best set. This price is below a non-regulated profit maximising price, since the incumbent tries to circumvent regulation …

Much scope remains to make regulation of product markets more conducive to competition ? notwithstanding progress in … objectives in energy market regulation could be achieved at lower cost. In the telecommunications industry, competition in the … local loop can be strengthened. Regulation of the liberal professions is among the most restrictive in the OECD. Entry …

authorities to access the big data held by operators could transform regulation by simplifying proof of bias or discrimination … should be possible to transform market regulation …

subject to intermodal competition from firms using other technologies. The 1996 Act's reliance on the unbundling of incumbent …