percentage points increase in internet penetration rates. This is a huge increase, meaning that the deployment of these cables … has almost doubled the penetration of Internet in the sub-continent's population. On the other hand, exogenous sources of … internet and mobile penetration rates, to lower investments in ICTs, and to increase mobile-cellular tariffs and the wireline …

widely. Ensuring robust competition across the digital value chain is therefore of paramount importance. Internet …

The focus of this paper is on those elements of the Internet periphery and Internet service provision which are … strongly based on telecommunications, in particular Internet access and Internet backbone. Access to the Internet requires a … connection between the Internet user and the interface to the Internet service provider (ISP). Several access technologies exist …