roaming services. The investigation and analysis find that there are currently low levels of alignment in regulation between … operator costs is asymmetric, making regulation challenging, as this affects the extent to which the relationship between costs …-the-top services. Attention therefore needs to be paid to the harmonization of regulation regarding Internet-related services. Here …

the same time, we model an incumbent's decision problem under a threat of regulation in a game-theoretical context. The … decision whether to invest or not depends on the probability of regulation and its assumed impact on investment returns … best set. This price is below a non-regulated profit maximising price, since the incumbent tries to circumvent regulation …