environment. Prior to testing, the authors instructed participants that Africans' average performance on this test was generally …

voluntary testing. That is, unlike statistical selection procedures, the signal generating process is endogenous. Then, the …

testing activities that are carried out to evaluate novel product concepts and designs. In this paper, we develop a … mathematical model that treats testing as an activity that generates information about technical and customer-need related problems …. An analysis of the model results in several important findings. First, optimal testing strategies need to balance the …

learning. A great deal of research in language testing has developed the technical aspects of measuring language ability for …