. This conclusion holds whether patients negotiate liability contracts directly with individual physicians or accept standard …

States have been enacting tort reforms to reduce the liability of physicians conducting malpractice. However, tort … reform may create a moral hazard because physicians may take less care due to reduced liability. This paper investigates … of physicians as well as patients. I look at insurers' post-reform revisions on loss reserves, which were the overall …

Physicians are traditionally liable under a negligence rule of liability. Economic analysis of liability rules … physicians is sued per year. These discrepancies between the theory and actual operation of the negligence system arise primarily … incentives for physicians to practice defensive medicine and incentives for plaintiffs and defendants to invest in litigation …