Problem definition: What role do suppliers play in insuring buyers' access to liquidity? We study how suppliers alleviate credit constraints for their downstream partners, and the role this type of liquidity insurance plays in buyers' cash management policies. Academic/Practical relevance:...

We develop a structural demand model that endogenously captures the effect of out-of-stocks on customer choice by simulating a time-varying set of available alternatives. Our estimation method uses store-level data on sales and partial information on product availability. Our model allows for...