This paper uses cross-country data to examine the long-term effect of trade openness on the gender gaps in wages …, education, political empowerment and health. Key findings are: trade openness since 1970 reduced the gender gaps in wages and … openness on the gender wage gap remained observable in later years (1980, 1990 and 2000), although it decreased in degree over …

In addition to discrimination, market power, and human capital, gender differences in risk preferences might also … contribute to observed gender wage gaps. We conduct laboratory experiments in which subjects choose between a risky (in terms of … more likely than men to select the secure job, and these job choices accounted for between 40% and 77% of the gender wage …