I examine how substitutabilities across industry goods affect expected returns of industries. In an endowment economy where two industries produce different goods, I show that an expanding industry demands relatively lower (higher) expected returns if the substitutability between the two goods...

The aim of this paper is to find out the economic efficiency of an associative unit in fruits processing and trading field. In this order a scenario by loan is taken into consideration. Indicators such as production, incomes and expenditures, profit, also investment indicators are studied. The...