This open access book proposes a conceptual framework for understanding measurement across a broad range of scientific fields and areas of application, such as physics, engineering, education, and psychology. It addresses contemporary issues and controversies within measurement in light of the...

1. Benchmarking -- 2. An Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis -- 3. Probability Theory -- 4. Stochastic Data Envelopment Analysis -- 5. Stochastic Network Data Envelopment Analysis -- 6. Stochastic Scale Elasticity.