Purpose – Researchers often use partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to estimate path models that include formatively specified constructs. Their validation requires running a redundancy analysis, which tests whether the formatively measured construct is highly...

This study tested measurement model of psychological attributes through structural equation modelling (SEM). Classical test theory divided measurement model into four: parallel, tau equivalent, congeneric and error-correlated. Parallel and tau equivalent model assumed that each of items in scale...

To their credit, empirical legal scholars try to live up to the highest methodological standards from the social sciences. But these standards do not always match the legal research question. This paper focuses on normative legal argument based on empirical evidence. Whether there is a normative...