This paper scrutinizes the effects of investor-state dispute settlements (ISDS) and national treatment provisions in a two-period model where foreign investment is subject to domestic regulation and a holdup problem. It shows that ISDS can mitigate the holdup problem and increases aggregate...

The call for more efficient proceedings has been on the agenda in international commercial arbitration for quite a while. However, in investment arbitration the topic has so far received little attention. This article attempts to delineate criteria for the concept of efficiency and how these...

The trend towards use of third-party funding (TPF) for litigation financing is increasingly affecting international investor state dispute settlement (ISDS) as well. Explicit regulation of TPF in existing international investment agreements as well as in extant ISDS jurisdiction is still rare....

Consistency in decision-making is generally considered to be a good thing. It is largely considered to be a paradigm of good decision-making. Investment arbitrators often rely on this idea to cite prior cases (precedents, in a non-technical meaning), and follow some of them. But is consistency...

This paper shows that Investor-State Dispute Settlements (ISDS) makes multinational firms more aggressive by increasing cost-reducing investments with the aim to enlarge the potential compensation an ISDS provision may offer. While a larger investment reduces the market distortion, it will also...

This paper shows that Investor-State Dispute Settlements (ISDS) makes multinational firms more aggressive by increasing cost-reducing investments with the aim to enlarge the potential compensation an ISDS provision may offer. While a larger investment reduces the market distortion, it will also...