WIPO and the international unions it administers are essentially and designedly intergovernmental in character, a defining quality that flows through WIPO's governance structure and processes. Yet non-governmental actors – other IGOs and especially international and national NGOs – have at...

What drives innovation? How does it contribute to the growth of firms, industries, and economies? And do intellectual property rights help or hurt innovation and growth? Uniquely combining microeconomics, macroeconomics, and theory with empirical analysis drawn from the United States and Europe,...

We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that differ in market size and in their capacities for innovation. We associate the strength of IPR protection with the...