affects labor markets in sending countries, particularly the wages of workers who do not emigrate. Most studies find that … emigration increases wages in the sending country but only for non-emigrants with substitutable skills similar to those of … country loses many highly educated workers, the economy can become less productive altogether, leading to lower wages for …

the labor market. Its impact on employment, wages and wealth depends crucially on the design of immigration policy …

firm-level productivity differentials. We build a model where firms can choose between efficiency wages with endogenous … effort and competitive wages, and show that it can replicate those facts. Using Japanese microeconomic data, we find support … for the existence of efficiency wages in one group of firms and competitive wages in the other group. Based on those …