This article presents conceptual and empirical criticisms of the Lees-Marshment market-oriented party model. Conceptual criticisms are the short-term approach, the narrow focus on voters, the nature of the relationship to competitors, a tendency towards centralisation and the lack of a...

This paper uses a game theoretic model to investigate the 1993-94 split-up of the main German pharmaceutical association into an association for multinational, researchbased companies and an association representing small and medium-sized firms. In order to explain the breakdown of cooperation...