Auch in der Theorie sind die Einkommens- und Vermögensbegriffe nicht immer von Erkenntnisprinzipien, sondern von politischen Absichten geprägt. Um dieses Fehlverständnis zu entlarven, bedürfen die Begriffe neuer theoretischer Grundlegung. Diese Zielsetzung verfolgt die vorliegende Studie....

This paper proves that the income theories by Hicks and Fisher offer insufficient explanation, and that the existing measuring approaches greatly over-estimate income. Instead, it uses Keynes' definition to prove that income is actually profit. Part of the rental, wage and interest receipts is...

Hill and Hill (2003) develop a seemingly ingenious GDP measure that includes capital gain. This paper proves that such measure is only a manipulation of the capitalization formula, that the measure is cost, not income, and that capital appreciation even raises the cost

This article studies the equivalence between labor and consumption taxes in a stochastic context, where the government can undertake an active portfolio management strategy by investing in both risk-free and risky assets. Using a two-period model we show that such taxes let consumers make the...