The estimation of the costs of conflict is currently receiving a lot of attention in the literature. This paper aims to give a thorough overview of the existing literature, first by addressing the history of case studies that address conflict costs and second by looking at the existing body of...

Healthy land ecosystems are essential to sustainable development, including food security and improved livelihoods. Yet, their key services have usually been taken for granted and their true value underrated, leading to land degradation becoming a critical global problem. This pattern of...

1. Introduction to Modeling Methodology -- 2. Building and Solving Models with LINGO -- 3. Low-Level Problems -- 4. Low-Medium Level Problems -- 5. Medium Level Problems -- 6. Medium-High Level Problems -- 7. High-Level Problems. .

Dynamic performance stubs provide a framework to simulate the performance behavior of software modules and functions. Hence, they can be used as an extension to software performance engineering methodologies. The methodology of dynamic performance stubs targets to gain oriented performance...