The Freemium business model, commonly used in digital products, has both a perpetually free but limited version and a premium version with enhanced features that requires a fee. These firms often have a referral program in which current customers get additional benefits (e.g., extra storage...

This paper presents a new stochastic three-way un folding method designed to analyze asymmetric three- way, two-mode binary data. As in the metric three- way unfolding models presented by DeSarbo (1978) and by DeSarbo and Carroll (1980, 1981, 1985), this procedure estimates a joint space of row...

Loyalty programs are a widely used marketing tool for firms seeking to improve outcomes ranging from customer retention to data collection. In coalition loyalty programs, consumers can earn and spend points at any merchant within a network. Merchants in a coalition loyalty program must...