both electricity and heat at the same time, lowering overall fuel demands and lowering concomitant emissions. Heat pumps … programming model for coordinated bidding in two sequential markets, namely the one-hour and the fifteen-minute electricity … model for a virtual power plant, acting as a price taker in the mentioned electricity markets. The model determines the …

...The optimal carbon tax reduces emissions from burning fossil fuel, both in the short and medium run. Furthermore, it … carbon emissions and global warming. For relatively large subsidies social welfare is more likely to fall as the economic … learning-by-doing externalities in renewable production. …