In recent years, microfinance institutions have expanded into group lending with individual liability, leaving out the … joint liability clause which was an important feature in earlier lending contracts. Recent experimental evidence indicates … that group lending may yield benefits, specifically lowering default rates, even in the absence of joint liability. In this …

join in a microfinance system operating on the basis of individual liability credit contract, or on the basis of joint … liability loan contract through forming self-help group or may not participate in any type of microfinance system. This paper … individual liability loan contract, comparatively less wealthy prefers to join microfinance system operating on the basis of …

monitoring is costly governance is imperfect. If managerial hedging is detected, shareholders can seize the payoffs of the … poorly, (ii) the more costly monitoring is, the more sensitive is the manager's compensation to firm performance, and (iii … revealed by monitoring. …

firms and banks are subject to moral hazard and monitoring is essential. Multiple-bank lending is optimal whenever the … benefit of greater diversification in terms of higher monitoring dominates the costs of free-riding and duplication of efforts … less profitable, and poor financial integration, regulation and inefficient judicial systems increase monitoring costs …

and banks are subject to moral hazard and monitoring is essential. Multiple-bank lending is optimal whenever the benefit … of greater diversification in terms of higher monitoring dominates the costs of free-riding and duplication of efforts … less profitable, and poor financial integration, regulation and inefficient judicial systems increase monitoring costs …