This paper presents a synthesized model explaining the returns of short-sale constrained stocks. We combine short-sale constraints that were previously treated individually or in pairs into a more fully specified model. The model is also specified in generally falling versus generally rising...

Using a multi-period general equilibrium model, this paper extends the results of Mankiw (1991) by showing that monopolistically competitive firms may require 'relatively large' menu costs to dissuade them from changing prices in response to an aggregate demand shock that is perceived to be...