The European Union coordinates and co-finances supra-national transport infrastructure investments in the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) which consist of road, rail, airport, and port infrastructure. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to quantify the direct and indirect...

At the present time, most large cities in the world are polycentric and, at the same time, they are undergoing a process of employment and population decentralization. Gordon and Richardson (1996) argued that polycentricity is just an intermediate stage between monocentricity and a more...