We begin by elaborating on the building blocks for understanding the dynamic interrelationships between stakeholder theory, managerial discretion and stakeholder orientation. We then provide a sketch of the dynamic between managerial discretion and stakeholder orientation and their likely...

Social contracts have emerged as among the most powerful methods and metaphors for the study of organizational ethics. That participation with an organization entails obligations to follow the extant norms of that organization, subject to the moral minimums of basic human rights, is a widely...

A firm that manages for stakeholders allocates more resources to satisfy the needs and demands of its legitimate stakeholders than would be necessary to simply retain their willful participation in the firm's productive activities. We explain why this sort of behavior unlocks additional...