Purpose – Researchers often use partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to estimate path models that include formatively specified constructs. Their validation requires running a redundancy analysis, which tests whether the formatively measured construct is highly...

This study tested measurement model of psychological attributes through structural equation modelling (SEM). Classical test theory divided measurement model into four: parallel, tau equivalent, congeneric and error-correlated. Parallel and tau equivalent model assumed that each of items in scale...