This study examines whether and how a major credit rating agency, S&P, strategically times the release of rating changes in an intraday setting. We find that the proportion of downgrades announced after regular trading hours is higher than upgrades. We find that credit rating agencies are more...

In the probabilistic risk aversion approach, risks are presumed as random variables with known probability distributions. However, in some practical cases, for example, due to the absence of historical data, the inherent uncertain characteristic of risks or different subject judgements from the...

Concerning the essence of risk, a joint replenishment and delivery scheduling problem with fuzzy cost-related parameters and random number of imperfect quality items is developed to make it suitable for the inherent uncertainties of procurement-shipment process. The mathematical modeling-based...