This paper uses cross-country data to examine the long-term effect of trade openness on the gender gaps in wages …, education, political empowerment and health. Key findings are: trade openness since 1970 reduced the gender gaps in wages and … openness on the gender wage gap remained observable in later years (1980, 1990 and 2000), although it decreased in degree over …

The Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) is a cross-country measure of discrimination against women in social … life choices. As underlying drivers of gender inequalities, discriminatory social institutions perpetuate gender gaps in …