index also provides a meaningful way to decompose environmental productivity into environmental technological and efficiency …

We introduce an ordinal model of efficiency measurement. Our primitive is a notion of e ciency that is comparative, but … not cardinal or absolute. In this framework, we postulate axioms that we believe an ordinal efficiency measure should … satisfy. Primary among these are choice consistency and planning consistency, which guide the measurement of efficiency in a …

test how risk management and financial intermediation activities create value for insurers by enhancing economic efficiency …. Insurer cost efficiency is measured relative to an econometric cost frontier. Since the prices of risk management and … cost efficiency. The econometric results show that both activities significantly increase the efficiency of the property …

productivity are similar. Second, unlike in previous studies, the efficiency change is the main contributor to the earlier study …

and ratio form) are developed. The components distinguished are price level change, technical efficiency change …, allocative efficiency change, technological change, scale of activity change, and price structure change. Given data from a …

explanatory factors, with a focus on extracting technical progress, technical efficiency change, and returns to scale components …