A new methodology has been proposed for optimal size selection of a hybrid energy system (HES) including lithium-ion battery and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell to supply the driving force of a locomotive. The main purpose is to minimize the total cost of HES with different...

We compare a range of energy efficiency policies in a durable good market subject to both energy-use externalities and price-quality discrimination by a monopolist. We find that the social optimum can be achieved with differentiated subsidies. With ad valorem subsidies, the subsidization of the...