rates in Italy since 1887, comparing the extent of 'electoral-violence cycles' between areas with a higher and lower …We investigate how criminal organizations strategically use violence to influence elections in order to get captured … politicians elected. The model offers novel testable implications about the use of pre-electoral violence under different types of …

rates in Italy since 1887, comparing the extent of ‘electoral-violence cycles' between areas with a higher and lower …We investigate how criminal organizations strategically use violence to influence elections in order to get captured … politicians elected. The model offers novel testable implications about the use of pre-electoral violence under different types of …

violence in turn increases the income of the protection providers. The result is a violence multiplier. Combining elements from … tournament and rent-seeking theory, we derive results that contrast with standard results from the rent-seeking literature. For … example, a decrease in the cost of violence increases violence more than pari passu and increases the value of being a …