We examine a model that incorporates two hidden-actions of the manager: a productive effort and a manipulative effort. The manager is paid a bonus based on the accounting report that the manager can manipulate. A downward restatement of the accounting report triggers lawsuits. The manager is...

We consider an investor’s choice of conservative reporting, bonus payments, and investment decisions in the presence of the hidden-information agency problem of a manager’s productivity and the hidden-action agency problem of a manager’s diversion of resources. It is important to consider...