For quite a long time, network industries used to be regarded as (natural) monopolies. This was due to these industries having some special characteristics. Network externalities and economies of scale in particular justified the (natural) monopoly thesis. Recently, however, a trend towards...

For quite a long time, network industries used to be regarded as (natural) monopolies. This was due to these industries having some special characteristics. Network externalities and economies of scale in particular justified the (natural) monopoly thesis. Recently, however, a trend towards...

When back-testing the calibration quality of rating systems two-sided statistical tests can detect over- and under-estimation of credit risk. Some users though, such as risk-averse investors and regulators, are primarily interested in the under-estimation of risk only, and thus require one-sided...