that the variables are cointegrated, and there is no Granger causality from real economic growth to real government … growth in real GDP. Thus, this study explores the causal relationship between real economic growth and real government … expenditure in Ghana between the period 1960 to 2017. The Johansen (1991, 1995) cointegration method, the Autoregressive …

The current study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment on the growth of Namibia's economy from 1990 to … 2020 using the ARDL cointegration method. The results reveal that FDI, the interactive variable of FDI and trade openness … for economic stability, and return on investment are responsible for Namibia's economic growth. The article confirms the …

-order integrated processes; meanwhile, the GDP growth rate is a stationary process. The Granger causality evidences feedback between … economic growth in Peru (1970-2020) using annual series. Starting with the theoretical Mundell-Fleming static model with … (% of GDP), exports of goods and services (% of GDP), and GDP growth rate (%). FDI and exports constitute first …