The past three decades have witnessed the development of a rich literature that applies the formal tools of game theory to understanding international cooperation and international institutions. We divide this literature into three “generations” of scholarship. With a few notable exceptions,...

The COVID-19 global health pandemic has led some 75 countries to restrict their exports of hundreds of products, ranging from antibiotics and face masks to medical ventilators. The cost of these measures, which lead to global shortages, will be counted in human lives. Yet the multilateral trade...