endogenously determined. Interpreting unemployment as damage, urban pollution (damage denoted in units of labour) can also support … the same equilibrium with the value of damage equal to the value of resources otherwise lost through unemployment. However …, if the damage function implies an uninternalized externality (due to urban congestion, for instance), an internalization …

Most measures of vulnerability are a-theoretic and essentially static. In this paper we use a stochastic Ramsey model … to find a household's optimal welfare and we measure vulnerability as the shortfall from the welfare attained if the … household consumed permanently at the poverty line. The results indicate that vulnerability is very sensitive to the time …

This paper provides an overview of the latest developments in methodologies for assessing the vulnerability of coastal … zones to climate change at regional and local scales. The focus of vulnerability assessment in coastal zones used to be on … variables that play a part in determining coastal vulnerability, as well as non-climatic developments. The paper presents a …