In the discussion on the relationship between spot and forward prices in electricity markets, the equilibrium approach … premium, on several European energy exchanges trading electricity futures. The concept of risk premium, as it is worked out by … electricity markets have been found in Central Europe and Scandinavia, while in Iberian the results are still negative. …

In principle, portfolio optimization in electricity markets can make use of the standard mean-variance model going back … to Markowitz. Yet a key restriction in most electricity markets is the limited liquidity. Therefore the standard model …