This paper tests the effect of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita on pollution, measured by carbon dioxide (CO2 …) emissions per capita. World Bank 1992 study claims that pollution rises with income, but at a slower and slower speed and … eventually declines. Using Ordinary Least Squares estimation procedure, we find a quadratic relationship ("inverted U …

. More interestingly, findings from the estimation show that EKC hypothesis, HD and sustainability are crucial to build … Kuznets curve (EKC) literature. But related hypotheses, performance measures and results continue to present a challenge. The … present paper contributes to this ongoing literature by studying two different EKC specifications for 10 Middle East and North …

particular, we propose to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis for a panel of 24 OECD countries and 32 non …-OECD countries by developing a more flexible estimation technique which enables to account for functional form misspecification … semiparametric panel data model. Our results corroborates that the nature and validity of the income–pollution relationship based on …

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) introduces an inverted U-shaped relationship between environmental pollution and … the EKC for developing transition economies of European Union, therefore, our results could make a significant …

estimates approve the "pollution haven" hypothesis, which postulates that the polluting industrial activities of developed …