: (1) Go no further than what courts have already deemed acceptable or (2) undertake to fashion a new untested “sanction …

Sanctions are measures that one party (the sender) takes to influence the actions of another (the target). Sanctions …, or the threat of sanctions, have been used, for example, by creditors to get a foreign sovereign to repay debt or by one … government to influence the human rights, trade, or foreign policies of another government. Sanctions can harm the sender as well …

Sanctions are measures that one party (the sender) takes to influence the actions of another (the target). Sanctions …, or the threat of sanctions, have been used, for example, by creditors to get a foreign sovereign to repay debt or by one … government to influence the human rights, trade, or foreign policies of another government. Sanctions can harm the sender as well …

Environmental degradation is one of the potentially unforeseen consequences of sanctions, yet few studies have … investigated how sanctions affect the environment. For instance, by restricting the acquisition of more efficient technologies …, sanctions can strain natural resources and erode environmental performance. Therefore, this study investigates the moderating …