resource-rich countries, the decision of host governments to expropriate these investments, and the level of corruption. Higher … production. Moreover, resource production leads to high levels of corruption. Our theoretical results are confirmed by … estimations of a simultaneous equation model for 50 resource-rich countries in which we endogenize expropriation risk, corruption …

-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the … corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve …

leading people by family ties, while corruption is a permanent risk for the economic system, but also for the country's legal … system. The purpose of this paper is to analyze nepotism, effects of nepotism, and to analyze the impact of corruption on the …