'To slow or not to slow' (Nordhaus, 1991) was the first economic appraisal of greenhouse gas emissions abatement and … conclusion that an efficient global emissions abatement policy comprises modest and modestly increasing controls. On the contrary …

energy consumption both reduce CO2 emissions while ICT, institutional quality and fossil fuel contribute to the degradation … relationship with carbon emissions while economic globalization, institutional quality, ICT and clean energy all have a one …-way directional causal relationship with CO2 emissions. Conclusively, the need to reduce environmental degradation activities should …

cut by 2050, while the EU Shipping Pollution Regulation 2015/757 merely contains a monitoring, reporting and verification …How can the global shipping industry play its part in the fight to stop climate damage? Shipping accounts for around 90 …% of all international trade, and for 2.5% to 4% of all global greenhouse gas emissions, which damage the Earth’s climate …

stable climate coalition is large in the Paris Agreement and small in the Kyoto Protocol, the emissions reductions of a … single coalition country are much more pronounced in the Kyoto Protocol, so that this per-country-emissions-reduction effect …

stronger actions to reduce CO2 emissions. Second, uncertainty interacts with two kinds of irreversibilities. First, CO2 remains … in the atmosphere for centuries, making the environmental damage from CO2 emissions irreversible, pushing us to earlier … and stronger actions. Second, reducing CO2 emissions requires sunk costs, i.e., irreversible expenditures, which pushes us …

subsidies on human capital, such as investments in education, are plausible policy options to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions …