promote well-being (duties of charity). A situationspecific version of our model takes entitlements as primitives. A fully … and charity are exactly satisfied. Actions at these kinks are candidates for descriptive social norms. Empirically, duties …

causal machine-learning approach to increase a charity's fundraising effectiveness. The approach optimally targets …Ineffective fundraising lowers the resources charities can use for goods provision. We combine a field experiment and a … fundraising to individuals whose expected donations exceed solicitation costs. Among past donors, optimal targeting substantially …