This paper uses cross-country data to examine the long-term effect of trade openness on the gender gaps in wages …, education, political empowerment and health. Key findings are: trade openness since 1970 reduced the gender gaps in wages and … openness on the gender wage gap remained observable in later years (1980, 1990 and 2000), although it decreased in degree over …

We propose estimating gender peer effects in school by exploiting within-school variation in gender composition across … birth cohorts. Our approach differs from the existing literature, which exploits variation in gender composition at a given … generally yields spurious gender peer effects when there is grade retention. The birth cohort approach applied to primary …