This paper studies the effect of pharmaceutical regulation at the wholesale level, if markets are integrated by …

manufacturer) on pharmaceutical regulation in a North-South framework with a firm's endogenous decision to export to the South … via reimbursement limits. Parallel trade may relax regulation in the source country of parallel imports (South) and … intensify regulation in the destination country (North): In the source country, parallel trade may relax regulation both under a …

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) balances risks and benefits before approving pharmaceuticals, as … any given initial expected risk level, optimal risk-taking decisions involving uncertainty in a multi-period world should …

efforts by international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Next, the paper considers patent incentive …

the pharmaceutical industry is the presence of price regulation in most countries. Taking into account the impact of …

schemes. While the intensity of regulation varies substantially among countries, lightly regulated markets are the exception …, particularly from an economic standpoint. In this regard, pharmaceuticals are not generally traded in what might be described as a … "free market" in the sense of absence of regulation, and this includes import restrictions which are generally consistent …