The classic question in international law concerns its effectiveness. Today, this old debate concerns the usefulness of treaties. Yet those engaging in this debate share a common problem. They evaluate treaty success by focusing on the effects of treaties on one type of actor: states. This...

When organizations act in ways that offend the public interest, parties seeking to change that behavior traditionally turned to litigation to force these organizations to reform, whether by command or consent. For example, following Brown v. Board of Education, “structural reform litigation”...